Background: Despite significant advances in reproductive technology, using DONOR assisted reproductive technology is a double-edged sword that has numerous challenges. One of the most challenging issues for COUPLES is whether or not to disclose this information to DONOR offspring. This study, therefore, explored infertile COUPLES’ decision to disclose DONOR conception to their future child. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis approach in 2012 in the Milad Infertility Centre, Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 32 infertile persons including nine COUPLES and 14 women who were selected by purposive sampling. Data were analysed by conventional qualitative content analysis adopted by Graneheim and Lundman using MAXQDA 2010 software. Results: Two categories were emerged: ‘ not to disclose information to the child’ and ‘ to disclose information to the child’ . The first category consisted of three subcategories: 1. child support from probable harms; 2. to maintain healthy family relationships; and 3. lack of a compelling reason to disclose this information. The second category embraced four subcategories: 1. awareness of the others; 2. emergence of new living conditions; 3. appreciation for the DONOR; and 4. honesty among family members. The main reason for not disclosing information was to protect the child from probable harm. Conclusion: Although protecting children from possible harms was a major reason for infertile COUPLES' secrecy, keeping this secret would not be always easy. Therefore, increasing public awareness about the donation process in order to change the beliefs of community and eliminate the infertile COUPLES’ concerns would help them to overcome this problem. Additionally, long-term psychological counselling during and after the donation process is highly recommended.

Background: Despite the fact that many infertile COUPLES have to decide about whether or not to choose DONOR conception, there is no predictive scale for evaluating the process of decision-making on DONOR conception and its determinants in such COUPLES. The present study was conducted to develop a decision-making questionnaire for selecting DONOR conception and assess its psychometric properties in Iranian infertile COUPLES. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted based on the method developed by DeVellis (2012) in four steps at Milad Infertility Clinic, Mashhad, Iran. The dimensions of the concept of decisionmaking were determined in the first step based on the qualitative results obtained from 38 semi-structured in-depth interviews. Items that were appropriate for the questionnaire were developed in the second step using the qualitative data and a review of the literature. In the third step, the research team reviewed and eliminated some of the items. The fourth step evaluated the face, content and construct validity of the questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 220 infertile COUPLES using convenience sampling and investigated its initial and final reliability. Results: Based on the results of the qualitative study, a pool of 170 items was developed, 101 of which were eliminated after revision due to ambiguity, repetition or their poor face and content validity and initial reliability. The questionnaire was evaluated for its construct validity with 69 items. After the exploratory factor analysis, the decisionmaking DONOR conception questionnaire (DMDCQ) having 51 items and seven factors, was finalized. All the factors had Cronbach’ s alpha values of 0. 75-0. 87 and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) greater than 0. 7. Conclusion: This study led to development of a valid and reliable scale for examining infertile COUPLES’ decisionmaking about whether or not to use DONOR conception as well as the determinants of this decision.

Ostertagia circumcincta is a major cause of ovine parasitic gastritis in temprate regions and the most frequent species affecting abomasum of small ruminants in Iran. These nematodes cause serious losses world-wide by imparing weight gain and wool production. Having a DONOR animal is essential for various studies. An Ostertagia circumcincta DONOR was produced by transplanting of adult forms of this worm into abomasum of the lamb (9 months of age) through a surgically established cannula. Ten thousands infective larvae (L3) from the lamb’s faecal culture were given to another worm–free lamb of six months age through a stomach tube. Few eggs of O.circumcintca appeared in the cannulated lamb’s faeces, after 5 days of transplanting. The number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) increased in the following days. The average number of EPG reached up to 30± 14 per day. Very scanty number of eggs appeared, then, after 19-21 days of post-infection. However the number of eggs increased gradually, so that its daily average number of EPG reached up to 100±99 during 60 days of post–infection. Average number of eggs developmented to infective larvae (L3) was 35.1 percent. Although the number of eggs, laid by worms transplanted in cannulated lamb, was less than that of worms, grown from L3 in the abomasum, the abomasal cannulation method seems more preferable due to some advantages such as defined number of worms transplanted into abomasums, rapid access to the eggs and their culture and less loss of worm larvae during passing through the digestive tract.

in the law of embryos donation that was approved for artificial insemination or treatment of infertile COUPLES, the legitimacy of fertility was subjected to observance of the Islamic criteria of artificial insemination without clearing and specifying them. with due attention that the Artificial inseminators are physicians and not specialist of Islamic law, it is necessary that the lawmaker revised the law and Select a method that is in accordance with Islamic prerequisite criteria and also determine the Islamic criteria of artificial insemination accurately which the most important of them are the sanctity of receiving woman’s uterus, the observance of Iddah during the pregnancy and the necessity of perseverance the child's parentage that shaping his or her identity.